定向凝固技术制作单晶铸件的实验研究

用定向凝固技术制作单晶铸件、摸索合理可行的工艺方法；分析晶粒生长淘汰过程。     

对硅质挂钩砖在烤窑过程中炸裂问题的探讨

由于种种原因,硅质挂钩砖在烤窑过程中经常出现炸裂,给窑炉的安全使用留下重大隐患.结合在烤窑过程中的体会对此进行一些简要的分析探讨,并提出预防措施和出现问题后的补救办法.     

Antiferroelectricity of NaNbO3: Single-crystal experimental study and first-principles calculation

Similar to the canonical antiferroelectric (AFE) compound PbZrO₃ in Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ solid-solutions, the presence of double hysteresis loops and that of electric field–induced phase transitions are important characteristics of NaNbO₃ AFE materials; yet the phase transition behavior in the latter system is typically irreversible with the related mechanisms not fully understood. Here, we explore the phase transition mechanism of ferroelectric and AFE phases in NaNbO₃ based on measurements of single crystals with different directions in conjunction with density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The tilting and distortion behaviors of the [NbO₆] octahedra are explained by DFT, and the ion displacement in the lattice is traced. The tilting and distortion behaviors of the [NbO₆] octahedra with different orientations are compared. We confirm that the tilt and distortion of the [NbO₆] octahedra along the [1 1 1] direction is the main reason to improve the stability of AFE phase. This conclusion is verified by the experimental characterizations of large-size NaNbO₃ single crystals successfully obtained in this study.     

Electrical performance and ferroelectric phase transition characteristic in different oriented 0.73PMN-0.27PT single crystals

The electrical and optical properties of (001)- and (110)-oriented 0.73 Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.27PbTiO₃ single crystals are systematically investigated at various temperatures, both of which present a series of ferroelectric phase transition processes. Dielectric performance measurements reveal that the ferroelectric phase transition occurs over a temperature range, rather than at one temperature point. By testing the ferroelectric hysteresis P–E curves as well as bipolar and unipolar electric field-induced strain S–E curves, the values of remnant polarization, coercive field, maximum strain, and converse piezoelectric constant d₃₃^* change considerably near the phase transition temperatures. Simultaneously, the 0.73PMN-0.27PT single crystals with (001)- and (110)-orientations under a low electric field show ultrahigh d₃₃^* values of 3540 and 2817 pm/V, respectively, which can be attributed to the electric field-induced monoclinic and orthorhombic phases, respectively. The series of ferroelectric phase transitions upon heating, that is, from rhombohedral ferroelectric to monoclinic/orthorhombic, followed by from monoclinic/orthorhombic to tetragonal, and finally from tetragonal to cubic paraelectric, are further investigated via polarized light microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.     

基于光谱选择的太阳电池被动冷却材料研究进展

太阳电池的光电转换效率随着组件温度升高而降低,适当冷却可以改善电池效率,延长使用寿命,因此人们对运行中太阳电池的冷却问题越来越关注。相比主动冷却,太阳电池的被动冷却具有自我维持和无额外能耗等优势,近年来被广泛研究。其中基于光谱选择的被动冷却主要包括两个方面:一是选择性地屏蔽太阳辐射(0.3~2.5 μm)中的亚带隙光,减小吸收热,但保持光电响应波段光的高透射率;二是提高光伏表面中红外波段(4~25 μm)的发射率,提升寄生热的辐射散热能力。本文从光谱选择的角度出发,对促进太阳电池降温的太阳光谱选择、辐射制冷及全光谱选择的材料和结构进行了归纳和总结。通过刻蚀、溅射、辊涂等方法在玻璃表面制备的光谱选择材料可以屏蔽太阳光谱中不激发光电效应的波段,增强中红外辐射制冷能力,从而有效降低光伏温度和提高光电转换效率。此外,文章还对被动式制冷材料的产业化潜力进行了展望,为相关的开发提供参考。     

石榴石型固态电解质Li7La3Zr2O12的改性研究现状

固态电解质是高安全性、高能量密度的全固态锂电池的核心部件,其典型代表Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂(LLZO)具有高离子电导率、高机械强度、高电化学稳定性、低界面阻抗以及对锂金属负极良好的稳定性等优势,是科研人员重点关注的对象之一,但与液态电解质相比,目前LLZO仍存在低离子电导率和与电极固-固界面接触等问题。本文主要简介了LLZO的晶体结构、改性方式等对其离子电导率及界面阻抗的影响,同时对LLZO现存的问题进行了总结,对LLZO的未来发展方向进行了展望,为探索全固态锂电池的实际生产应用提供理论指导。     

熔纺PE⁃UHMW/PE⁃HD共混纤维的力学性能和晶体结构研究

通过熔融纺丝工艺制备了拉伸强度为1.13 GPa的超高分子量聚乙烯（PE?UHMW）/高密度聚乙烯（PE?HD）共混纤维。采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、声速取向测试、纤维强度测试等方法研究了初生丝和纤维的晶体结构及力学性能。结果表明,将PE?UHMW与低熔体流动速率（MFR）的PE?HD共混后,提高了共混纤维的分子链取向度、结晶度及力学性能;由高度取向的分子链形成的晶粒可以在轴向上被有效拉伸,形成更规则和致密的晶体结构,从而提高了纤维的力学性能。     

PVDF/PMMA共混物非等温结晶动力学和晶体结构

通过差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）对纯聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）和PVDF/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）共混物在不同降温速率下的非等温结晶行为和晶体结构进行表征和分析,并采用Jeziorny法和莫志深法研究了各组样品的非等温结晶动力学。结果表明,PMMA含量过多（PVDF/PMMA质量比为6/4和5/5）会完全抑制PVDF结晶;对于纯PVDF和可结晶的共混物（PVDF/PMMA质量比为9/1、8/2、7/3）样品,随着PMMA含量的增加,共混物结晶温度先升高后降低,结晶速率先少许增大后减小,说明少量PMMA起异相成核作用,可促进共混物结晶,而大量PMMA可明显阻碍分子重排,抑制其结晶;PMMA的加入可促进共混物晶体结构向低维转变;共混物晶体结构主要是α晶型,PMMA含量的增加不改变共混物的晶型,且使共混物结晶度先增大后减小。     

玻璃陶瓷牙科材料研制中若干重要问题的探讨

锂硅酸盐玻璃陶瓷牙科材料包括用于CAD/CAM加工的主晶相为偏硅酸锂以及热压铸造的主晶相为二硅酸锂的材料,具有高强度、优异的生物相容性、良好的透光性和美学性能以及独特的修复通用性。通过分析国内外文献和专利上报导的锂硅酸盐玻璃陶瓷牙科材料采用的玻璃成分、晶化温度制度以及析出的主晶相,讨论如何根据牙科材料性能要求来确定玻璃陶瓷的主晶相,并以此来选择玻璃成分和相应的结晶温度制度。此外还指出了锂硅酸盐玻璃陶瓷牙科材料今后研制的发展方向。